European forest plants are migrating westwards, nitrogen main cause
The common wood sorrel (Oxalis acetosella) migrates westwards at a speed of around 5 kilometres per year and northwards at around 0.1 kilometres per year. The main driver is nitrogen deposition (Picture: Petr Harant (CC-BY))
Based on a press release by Ghent University
New research reveals nitrogen deposition, and to a lesser extent climate change, unexpectedly as the key driver behind surprising westward shifts in the distribution of plants.
These are the results of a study published in the journal Science, in which three researchers from the German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) were involved. The study defies the common belief that climate change is the primary cause of species moving northward. This finding reshapes our understanding of how environmental factors, and in particular nitrogen deposition, influence biodiversity.
While it is widely assumed that rising temperatures are pushing many species toward cooler, northern areas, this research shows that westward movements are 2.6 times more likely than northward shifts. The primary driver? High levels of nitrogen deposition from atmospheric pollution, which allows a rapid spread of nitrogen-tolerating plant species from mainly Eastern Europe. The establishment of these highly competitive species in areas with high nitrogen deposition rates often comes at the expense of the more specialised plant species.
The results highlight that future biodiversity patterns are driven by complex interactions among multiple environmental changes, and not due to the exclusive effects of climate change alone.
“Climate change is often seen as the main culprit behind range shifts in plant species, but key interactions with historically important drivers are frequently overlooked”, says co-author Dr Ingmar Staude, researcher at iDiv and Leipzig University. “In recent decades, most range shifts in European forest plants are attributed to nitrogen deposition, and only to a lesser extent to climate change. This raises an important question: How can ecosystems adapt to rising temperatures while biodiversity shifts are mostly driven by other environmental changes, particularly atmospheric pollution?” Understanding these complex interactions is critical for land managers and policymakers to protect biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, according to the researchers.
Key findings:
- European forest plants shift their distributions at an average velocity of 3.6 kilometer per year.
- 39% of the plant species shift westward. Northward shifts are only observed for 15% of the species.
- Nitrogen deposition rather than climate change is surprisingly the main factor behind westward distribution shifts in European forest plants.
- The study analysed the shifts in the distribution area of 266 forest plant species across Europe over several decades, with the first measurements being taken in the year 1933 at some locations.
- Several of Europe’s most emblematic forests were included in this study, such as the primeval forest Białowieża in Poland.
This research was financed inter alia by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG; FZT-118). It is a product of the sDiv working group sREplot. iDiv’s synthesis centre sDiv supports working group meetings where international scientists work together on scientific issues.
Original publication
(iDiv researchers and alumni bolded)
Sanczuk, P., …, Bernhardt-Römermann, M., …, Bjorkmann, A., …, Jandt, U., …, Staude, I., …, De Frenne, P. (2024). Unexpected westward range shifts in European forest plants link to nitrogen deposition. Science. DOI: science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ado0878
Contact:
Dr Pieter Sanczuk
Forest & Nature Lab
Department of Environment
Ghent University
Phone: +32 (0)9 264 90 37; +32 (0)499 20 58 65
Email: Pieter.sanczuk@ugent.be
Dr Volker Hahn
Head of Media and Communications
German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig
Phone: +49 341 97 33154
Email: volker.hahn@idiv.de
Web: www.idiv.de/media
